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玻璃器皿 — 公道杯

那件讓每斟都均勻的器皿

一把*gōng dào bēi*(公道杯)安放在茶壺與杯盞之間 — 承接全量茶湯,混合濃淡,再均勻斟給每位品飲者。當以玻璃製作時,它更是一扇觀察茶湯色澤的窗戶,是你能得到的對茶葉本色最誠實的判讀。

玻璃器皿 — 公道杯

為何需要公道杯

公道杯 — gōng dào bēi(公道杯),字面義為「公平之杯」——是工夫茶席上較晚加入的器物。明清大多數時期,茶湯直接由壺注入杯盞,循弧形旋轉斟倒,沖泡者憑眼力平衡濃淡。專用的分湯器伴隨1970、80年代台灣工夫茶復興而來,當時茶事圍繞小陶壺與短暫多次沖泡成形。沖泡時間以秒計,第一杯與最後一杯即使只差半秒,也會造成明顯不均。公道杯一舉解決此問題:整壺茶湯一次傾出,藉由其自身激盪混合,隨即均分。

玻璃再次改變了這件器物。瓷製或陶製的公道杯掩藏茶湯;硼矽酸鹽玻璃則展露無遺。霎時間,gōng dào bēi 還成了判讀工具 — 你可以觀察湯色在逐次沖泡間轉深、看見銀針那懸浮的毫毛、在茶湯入杯之前,就捕捉到焙火得宜的蜜兰香Mí Lán Xiāng)那一抹橙紅。對視覺取向的沖泡者而言,這與均分功能同等重要。

優良的玻璃公道杯具備幾項特質。壺嘴應能俐落斷水,口緣無滴漏 — 這幾乎全取決於壺嘴下緣的角度,需研磨尖銳而非圓弧收邊。若有把手,則絕不可傳熱;多數現代設計採用涼爽的硼矽酸鹽側耳,或纏繞藤條的握柄。容量應與茶壺匹配 — 一把150毫升的壺,搭配200至250毫升的公道杯為宜,以容納泡沫環並留有餘裕。超過此容量,茶湯在斟入杯盞前便冷卻過快。

硼矽酸鹽3.3是標準玻璃材質。它能承受沸水注入室溫器皿的熱衝擊,經年累月日常使用,亦不起霧或開裂。鉛水晶雖美卻會析出;鈉鈣玻璃則脆弱。關於沖泡的幾何,詳見 thetea.app 上的 gōng dào bēi 條目,該文更詳盡追溯此器物的二十世紀系譜。

本季公道杯

一只手工吹製,出自河北小工坊,尺寸對應最普遍的工夫茶形式 — 150毫升壺,供四杯之用。

A buyer's note

Choosing a fairness pitcher

讓容量與壺相匹配

Pick a pitcher 25-50% larger than your teapot. A 150ml pot pairs with 200-250ml; a 200ml pot wants 280-350ml. Too large and the liquor cools mid-pour.

乾試壺嘴

Fill with water and pour slowly, then cut off sharply. A good spout stops cleanly with no drip running back along the underside. This is the single most important test.

硼矽酸鹽3.3,而非鈉鈣玻璃

Only borosilicate handles boiling water poured into a cool vessel without risk. Check that the seller specifies the grade — reputable studios will state it directly.

有柄或無柄

Handle-less pitchers are gripped by the cool upper rim and look cleaner on the table. Handled versions are safer for beginners and for long sessions where the rim stays hot.

茶席間的保養

Rinse with hot water only — no soap, which clings to glass and dulls the next infusion. Air-dry inverted on a bamboo rack. Polish occasionally with a soft linen cloth to remove tea film.

不必為每種茶都準備一只公道杯

Unlike clay, glass holds no memory of previous teas. A single well-chosen *gōng dào bēi* serves *sheng pu-erh*, dancong, white, and black tea equally — one of glass's quiet advantages.

Common questions

Asked, answered.

Do I really need a fairness pitcher for gongfu brewing?

For sessions longer than two infusions, yes. Without one, the first cup poured will be weaker than the last by a noticeable margin, especially with fast-brewing oolong and pu-erh.

Can I use the same pitcher for green, oolong, and pu-erh?

Yes — glass is inert and holds no flavour memory. This is one reason visual brewers prefer it to porcelain or clay for the decanter, even when their pots are clay.

Why is the rim hot if there is no handle?

The upper 1.5cm of a handle-less *gōng dào bēi* stays cool because the liquor sits below it and glass conducts heat slowly. Grip by the top rim, not the belly.

How do I remove tea staining from inside the glass?

A paste of baking soda and warm water, left for ten minutes, lifts most film. Rinse thoroughly. Avoid scouring pads, which leave permanent micro-scratches.

Is a strainer built into the spout necessary?

Only if you brew without a strainer in the pot itself. Most gongfu brewers use a separate small strainer set on the pitcher mouth, which gives finer control than a built-in version.

What size pitcher pairs with a standard gaiwan?

A 110-120ml gaiwan pairs well with a 180-220ml pitcher. The full gaiwan volume plus leaf displacement and a little headroom comes to roughly 150ml of liquor per infusion.

Can I learn proper decanting technique online?

The gongfu fundamentals course on tea.school covers fairness pitcher handling in module three, including the wrist motion that prevents drips and the pause that settles foam.